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A chalazion is a condition that arises from the obstruction of the meibomian glands, which are sebaceous glands located in the eyelids that secrete oils to help lubricate the eye. When these glands become blocked, the oil accumulates within the gland, leading to inflammation and the formation of a firm lump or cyst in the eyelid. This lump can cause discomfort and may eventually become more noticeable, but it is typically painless.

In contrast, blepharitis is an inflammation of the eyelid margins, which can be associated with various factors, including bacteria, skin conditions, or meibomian gland dysfunction, but it is not specifically due to an obstruction of these glands. Pterygium and pinguecula are both related to growths on the conjunctiva and are primarily associated with environmental factors and UV exposure rather than meibomian gland issues. Therefore, the hallmark of a chalazion is directly tied to the failure of meibomian gland drainage, making it the condition typically caused by such obstruction.